Treating or Terminating The Dilemma of Impaired Infants...

Aiding the death of infants is a much disputed controversy in healthcare. H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. provides an ethical view that there is a moral duty not to treat an impaired infant when this will only prolong a painful life or would only lead to a painful death. It is these individuals, like Engelhardt, who must defend this position against groups who consider that we have the ability to prolong the lives of impaired infants, thus we are obligated to do so. Infanticide is associated with aiding the death of an infant and infant euthanasia. Jim Holt, contributing author for the New York Times, writes that, â€Å"Infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborns with the consent of the parents and society. This concept has been common†¦show more content†¦Approximately 1 in 68,000 births result in anencephaly annually. About 25% of anencephalic babies die at birth; those who survive have a life expectancy of a few hours or days (Jaquier 2006). There are methods in the justification of aiding in the death of an impaired infant. Engelhardt outlines that there is a distinction between aiding the death of adult and children. The question of status is also explored to determine that children are neither self-possessed nor responsible. The concept of Injury of Continued Existence is given to look at the potential person the infant might become if allowed to exist. These examples are provided to give a thorough evaluation of a child before the decision is made whether or not to prolong life. Is there a difference when evaluating the life of a child versus an adult when considering aiding in their death? Engelhardt determines that yes, there is a distinction. He convincingly notes that â€Å"the difference lies in the somewhat obvious fact that infants and young children are not able to decide about their own futures and this are not persons in the same sense that normal adults are.† (646). The rights of children are determined through the status of the parent’s rights, the obligations of adults to prevent suffering, and the potential societal effects through the allowance of death of an impaired infant. The differences between adult and child euthanasia are considered whenShow MoreRelatedHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 PagesWeek 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentious debate surrounding issues of procreation, develop an institutionalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesCompositor: Newgen–India Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville  © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval

Psychology Experiment Essay examples - 1107 Words

Title: An investigation into the impact of group pressure on an individual’s estimate of the amount of beads in a pot (ginger granules in a jar). IV = Group/Individual DV = Individual beads estimate Abstract This experiment investigated the impact of group pressure on the individual. The hypothesis is that group pressure does indeed impact on the individual and in this case the individual’s estimate of the number of ginger granules in a jar. Participants were asked to make a judgement of the number of ginger granules in a jar, first individually and then as a group. The individual participants were then interviewed again to see if their estimates had changed. The results proved the hypothesis that group pressure does make an impact†¦show more content†¦It will be performed using a method similar to the one used by Jenness in his experiment. This will in effect test the reproducibility and validity of the Jenness experiment. There are no contentious or controversial issues surrounding this experiment and its method, and it is certainly within the law i.e. there are no deceptions or misleading intentions toward the participant; it is fair. Hypothesis The influence of group pressure will affect individuals’ estimates of the number of ginger granules in a glass jar. The estimate of the individual will change after a group decision to lie closer to the figure of the group. Method The IV was the group or individual, and the DV was the number of ginger granules in the glass jar. Two separate rooms were used; one for interview of the individual – one at a time. When not being interviewed the individual was instructed to go the second room where the rest of the group resided - for the period of the experiment. Both rooms contained only the subjects of the experiment, and of course the experimenter, and no one else was permitted into the aforementioned areas. Television, radio and other forms of communicative devices were forbidden from these areas. The participants were three members of a family. The first was male and 67 years of age. The second was female and 52 years old. The third member of the family was male, and 25 years old. Materials: * Jar of ginger granules * Watch * Sheets of paperShow MoreRelatedPsychology - Experiment on Stress1427 Words   |  6 Pages In this experiment we are going to describe stress and prove how can a prolonged exposition to it have a negative impact on memory. The definition of stress used in this experiment is: difficulty one suffers that causes worry, emotional tension or loss of concentration. The reason why this topic has been chosen is because stress is a part of nowadays, hectic society and it has a very noticeable effect on people’s performance, in either work or daily life. The outcome of this experiment could beRead MoreEvaluation Of A Psychology Experiment1113 Words   |  5 Pageschildren involved in the experiment. There were 8 children ages 3-5 interviewed; 4 males and 4 females. There were 15 children ages 8-10 interviewed; 8 males and 7 females. There were 10 children ages 13-15 interviewed; 6 males and 4 females. The participants were selected because the experimenter knew the child they were interviewing. Before interviewing the child, the experimenter asked the parent of the child if it was ok to ask the child some questions for a psychology experiment. Materials ItemsRead MoreSocial Psychology Experiment : The Stanford Prison Experiment967 Words   |  4 Pagessocial psychology experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, many have asked whether or not this experiment can really portray how imprisonment can effect an individual. While some say that this experiment is a great representation of the effects caused due to imprisonment, others argue that the experiment was not realistic enough to say it had real effects. Social psychologists Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, also the creators of the Stanford Prison Experiment, state that the experiment stimulatedRead MoreThe Effect Of Scientific Experiments On Psychology805 Words   |  4 PagesAlmost all human beings agree that everyone is different and that there is a need to experiment to better understand the differences within the human race. The role of scientific experiments in psychology is an attempt to better understand the mental process of humans and the possible discovery of somethin g in human makeup that has not been noticed by past scientists and psychologists. Experiments can change the permanent thinking of psychologists and scientists. If one psychologist theorized anRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment And Its Effects On Social Psychology1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment and its Effects on Social Psychology The Stanford Prison Experiment is one of the most notorious and unique experiments in modern social psychology history. A psychologist named Philip Zimbardo executed the Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. His goal for this experiment was to show that the prison guards and convicts would fall into pre-defined roles, rather than following their own judgment and morals. The experiment was unsuccessful, but it produced some resultsRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment Addressed The Psychology Of Behavior Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the article is addressing The Stanford Prison Experiment addressed the psychology of behavior. The experiment specifically addressed the influences of behavior in regards to imprisonment. I recently saw a documentary about the Stanford Prison Experiment and I was shocked that subjects were subjected to such cruelty. The subjects were young intelligent students who likely had never encountered such abuse. Sadly, in the 1970s experiment rules and regulations were severely lacking. StudentsRead MoreExperiment : Psychology And Psychology951 Words   |  4 PagesDesign The experiment will be a natural design. The research study is mostly observational and rather than focusing on manipulating variables, the study is centered on measuring the responses of each participant. The researcher will me measuring the level of emotion dysregulation, severity of adult attachment disorders and level of impairment of the machinery (the amount of impairments in the ability to implement strategies to control or regulate emotions Cluster sampling would be usedRead MorePsychology : The Human Behavior And Mental Processes Through Laboratory Experiments, And Psychotherapy990 Words   |  4 Pagescrowded with many different kinds of people and professions, which form issues of how work together and live with one another. In these situations, psychology serves its purpose by creating answers to these questions. The field of psychology helps create an understanding of these problems, which increases the possibility of treatment. These careers in psychology fall into three main categories of practice: psychologist, clinical psychologist and psychiatrists. Each of these categories differs in the scopeRead MoreExample a Level Psychology Experiment1227 Words   |  5 Pagesmemory test and scores on a test measuring the chances of becoming a millionaire and any relationship is due to chance Method: Design – the method of the experiment was a correlational study; this was used in order to see whether there was a relationship between the scores on a memory test and scores on a millionaire test. The experiment used co variables, which were the score on the memory test and score on the millionaire test. Controls – in order ensure the test was reliable the extraneousRead MoreFree Hugs Psychology Experiment868 Words   |  4 PagesFree Hugs Lauren English Kerri Churches Psych 170-D200 11 October, 2015 For my research study, I decided to conduct an experiment to see how many people would be freely willing to give me a hug when holding up a sign saying â€Å"Free Hugs†. How many people would be willing to give a complete stranger a hug? Would there be more women that would give someone a hug, rather than men? If I stood outside the RVC campus, held up my sign, and asked if they would like a hug, then I believe more women

Hamlets Oedipus Complex Essay Example For Students

Hamlets Oedipus Complex Essay Various works of literature contain characters who embody the elements of the classic Oedipus Complex, that of a son with an undue and unhealthy attachment to his mother. D.H Lawrences Sons and Lovers, along with other early modernist works, shows how a sons bond to his mother can lead to that characters major downfall. Even earlier than works of the late 19th Century does the Oedipus Complex appear, in this case, William Shakespeares Hamlet. Shakespeares play about the Prince of Denmark shows the beginning of an Oedipal Complex, with Hamlets jealousy of his uncle Claudius for marrying his mother Gertrude and the rage that Hamlets emulation causes. The story behind the Oedipus Complex derives from Sophocles story of Oedipus Rex, King of Thebes. Oedipus, crazed by his love for his mother and envy of his father, plots to kill his father and marry his mother. He succeeds in the murder of his father and marriage to his mother, and later his mother bears children to Oedipus, making a full incestuous cycle. Oedipus act on envy and rage leads to the characters downfall, where his mother commits suicide and Oedipus himself gouges out his own eyes and suffers banishment from his country. The Oedipal Complex involves the indecorous and harmful attachment of a son to his mother, which ultimately leads to the son becoming morbidly suppressed and suffering mental impotence. Shakespeares Hamlet evolves around the title character, Hamlet, and his obsession with correcting a wrong against his father, committed by his fathers brother Claudius. After the Kings death, Claudius marries Gertrude, Hamlets mother, and takes the throne. Enraged, Hamlet seeks vengeance for his father, whose spirit appears before Hamlet to speak of the unrest he (the King) endures. His depression, caused by the marriage, first shows in his soliloquy after the departure of the others when the whole family; gathers for the first time. O that this too too sallied flesh would melt,/Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!; begins the explanation that Hamlet despair is great enough to lead to suicide, however, canon law and religious injunction kept him from self-slaughter,; as suicide is the manifestation of pride, thus an ultimate sin (1.2.129-32). Hamlet divulges into the reasoning behind his depression, that his sadness occurs from his mother marrying at O most wicked speed: to post/With such dexterity to incestious sheets; (1.2.156-7). He furthers his reasoning behind the marriage causing the depression, claiming that the union can do no good But break his heart; (1.2.159). Hamlets explains his rage in the first act of the play, but it is not until scene 4 of the third act that we see the full view of his Oedipus Complex. Here, Gertrude is joined by Hamlet in a bedroom moments after Polonius, the Queens counselor, advises her to warn Hamlet that his pranks have been too broad to bear with; (3.4.2). Hamlet, upon killing Polonius, compares his bloody; act to that of killing a king, and marrying with his brother,; blatantly expressing his mortification and disapproval with Gertrudes marriage to Claudius(3.4.29). He then begins to berate his mother, but with many sexual references:That blurs the grace and blush of modesty,Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the roseFrom the fair forehead of an innocent loveAnd sets a blister there, makes marriage vowsAs false as dicers oaths;(3.4.41-5)Here, Hamlet uses the phrase sets a blister; in reference to the branding of a harlot, or prostitute, such as in The Scarlet Letter. He claims that she was prostituted to Claudi us. Hamlet then goes on to probe at Gertrudes sexual life with Claudius, claiming that she lives In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/Stewd in corruption, honeying and making love; (3.4.91-3). His interrogation goes on, with many lewd references to Gertrude and Claudius sexual relations, where Hamlet speaks of the king tempting her again to bed; and the Kings paddling in her neck with his damnd fingers; (3.4.182-5). Hamlets constant exploring of his mothers carnal nature results in the manifestation of an overwhelming sexual concern for his mother, showing that Hamlet is more moved by a corrosive jealousy of Claudius than the traditional idealistic ways of the Renaissance and kindred honor. This contention of the new King eventually derives from Hamlets incestuous love for his mother. The slaying of Polonius, Hamlet claims, was meant to be an attack at a rat, however, Hamlet had hoped that Claudius would be in Polonius place. By killing Claudius, who serves in the place of Hamlets fathe r, both in marriage and family, Hamlet would have come closer to completing the Oedipal cycle. In scene 4, Hamlet also continuously berates Claudius, and juxtaposes the image of his father to that of Claudius in a demeaning fashion. He amplifies his opinion of his uncle by referring to him as A king of shreds and patches; and by using many animal references, such as a bloated toad, a bat, and a mangy tom-cat (3.4.102). The bestial comparisons that Hamlet makes of Claudius show his detest for him, and that he views Claudius in a disgusting manner. By making these comparisons, Hamlet causes himself to look better in his mothers eye, possibly for the purpose of replacing Claudius as her husband. Hamlet repeats the likening of Claudius to a satyr;, as he earlier claimed (1.2.139); this time he goes even lower and poses Claudius as a moor; that his mother battens; (3.4.67). By declaring that Gertrude gorges herself in Claudius, Hamlet emphasizes her appetite, as opposed to her reason, as the importance of the marriage. .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .postImageUrl , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:hover , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:visited , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:active { border:0!important; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:active , .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104 .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f05addbd2b756a9ca33a3d87d6e4104:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth - Ambition EssayFollowing the scene with his mother in her quarters, Hamlet makes the transition from supposed lunacy to absolute insanity. With the murder of Polonius, Claudius now considers Hamlet a threat to the crown and all others he encounters due to his insanity and willingness to act without reason. Claudius plots to have Hamlet killed in a duel between the prince and Laertes. All three die in the battle, along with Hamlets mother. Hamlet allows his jealousy to consume his method of revenge, leading to his Oedipal Complex, but he and his mother both die before he has the chance to form union with his mother. He succeeds in the slaying of Claudius, but only after his mother has died by Claudius hands, rendering the incestuous goal virtually unobtainable. Shakespeares character Hamlet incorporates the spirit of the Oedipus Complex in his revenge against his fathers brother. Many critics have disagreed with the Freudian view, but the textual evidence from Act 3 provides enough support for Hamlets incestuous love for his mother, Queen Gertrude. Claudius replaces Hamlets father, both as King and as Gertrudes husband, and Hamlet desires nothing more than to have Claudius die by his hand, which would enable Hamlet to have his mothers love all to himself. Unfortunately for Hamlet, a tragic, death-ridden turn of events leads to his goals incompletion, but he still had the same ideas and views as did Oedipus Rex in relation to his mother. Hamlet may not have completed the full Oedipal cycle, but he endured enough to classify him as suffering from an Oedipus Complex.

International economic communities and Canadian business

Introduction Global business is changing; the international marketplace is now a platform for investment, technology partnerships and trading relationships. Consequently, Canada’s ability to do well economically pegs on its ability to tap into these new changes. One of the ways to facilitate this is through a proper understanding and engagement with international economic communities.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International economic communities and Canadian business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationship between international economic communities and Canadian business On a general level, these communities have a direct effect on the nature of opportunities available to Canadian businesses. This is because they can alter the trade barriers prevalent within a certain region or country of the world. When this occurs then the interests of Canadian businesses will be accommodated. Additionally , some countries may offer subsidies for certain internationally oriented goods and this makes it unfavorable for businessmen and women in Canada. To this end, economic communities often work towards decreasing or eliminating these barriers. They also try to reduce other market related government interventions that may make business unfeasible in those countries. Market accessibility and risks inherent in a certain region can also be highly affected by a country’s policies. International economic communities therefore assist in reduction of tariffs on goods and services that attract Canadian businessmen (Amato Laudati, 54). The communities also help in forging partnerships with countries so that trading in those areas can be more predictable. These communities often expect members to be transparent in their endeavors thus making those member states very feasible target nations for business. The largest trading partner in Canada after the United States is the European Union; an issue brought on by the integration of 27 countries in Europe. Canadian businesses therefore have a lot of vested interests in the European Union. However, a more direct reason for interest in this region lies in the fact that it is also a trading community. One of the ways in which Canada has benefited from the European Community is through drafting of agreements such as the Science and Technology agreement signed in 1996. Technologically oriented businesses from either country can therefore benefit by exchanging information and resources (Hoekeman, 25). The EU as an international community also provides Canadian businesses with immense investment opportunities since the rules applicable in the entire region are unified. Canada has had a long history of cooperation with the European Union as a trading partner. They first started in 1976 when the European Economic Community signed an agreement with Canada (Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada (a), 13). This was done in order to enhance the degree of economic cooperation between the latter two nations.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thereafter, Canada and the European Union created a declaration in 1990 that would allow transatlantic relations to grow between these two nations. Six years later, they would then enter into another declaration that soon came to be known as a joint action plan between the two countries. The trade and investment enhancement agreement also came into place in 2004(Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada (b), 9). This bilateral arrangement assisted in dealing with certain issues such as financial investment, SMEs and e-commerce. However, after 2006, the latter agreement was put to a halt and this may continue later. The EU and Canada are currently negotiating free trade agreements. On the other hand, it should be noted that objections have not just bee n raised by Canada against the EU. The EU has also spoken against the requirement imposed by Canada against citizens of the Czech Republic who are required to enter the country with visas. The European Union has argued that this is at odds with the pattern of economic cooperation that Canada and the EU have had so it has requested that Canada should reconsider this decision. On the other hand, the European Economic Community has benefitted its member states more than it has helped some non EU businesses such as Canadian ones. This economic community normally imposes certain bans against non EU products thus hampering accessibility. This rule is especially applicable to Canadian businesses dealing in any sealed products (Government of Canada, 43). The logic behind these impositions is to protect consumer interests within the EU. This economic community also has certain inefficiencies that are contributing negatively towards growth of Canadian businesses in the region. For instance, n ot all member states implement EU’s single market regulations upon joining. Also, these rules are sometimes subjected to member state interpretations. The predictability of that market therefore gets distorted and this is not good for Canadian businesses (FAITC, 12). In line with the previous issue is the problem of trade restrictions in certain EU member states. Certain countries are quite strict about mergers and acquisitions within the European Economic Community so Canadian businesses are once again placed at a disadvantage. The World Trade Organization may also be considered as another economic community that brings together one hundred and fifty member countries. This is highly significant to Canada because all their important target markets are regulated by the WTO so this can be a major breaking or success point to the country.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on International economic communities and Canadian business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More WTO has helped Canadian businesses because it a platform for solving business disputes (WTO, 531). This means that Canadian investors may gain access to fairness in business. Usually, if a trading partner imposes a ban against certain Canadian products then it is the WTO that will listen to those arguments. For example, when the European Union imposed a ban on sealed products, Canada took this compliant to the WTO so as to challenge it. Even a US ban on some of their farming products was also addressed through the same international community. The community often works towards elimination of subsidies and other impediments to free trade thus making its member states more lucrative for Canadian businesses (Easterly, 21). A lot of achievements around the world have been made in the agricultural sector owing to these efforts. It has also contributed towards the equalization of export and import based goods and services in countri es such that no preferential treatment is given to one category over the other. Issues of fair competition have also been looked into through the WTO. However, there are certain issues that can slow down progress such as the fact that reaching a negotiation takes very long (even up to seven years) and this subsequently impedes the ability of Canadian businessmen to fully enjoy the benefits of this international economic community. Conclusion International economic communities essentially contribute towards better trading environments in target markets of Canadian businesses because they eliminate barriers to trade, increase transparency and heighten market accessibility. On the other hand, they can harm business opportunities for Canadian businesses by imposing bans on non member states’ goods and services or by inefficiencies in implementation of their rules. Works Cited APEC-OECD. Integrated checklist on regulatory reform. OECD, Paris, 25th Jan 2008 Web. Amato, Geoffrey La udati, Lorraine. The anticompetitive impact of regulation. Northampton: Elgar, 2008Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Easterly, Wellington. The elusive quest for growth, Cambridge: MIT press, 2001 WTO. Dispute settlement, transparency and surveillance. The World Economy, 23.4(2000): 527-545 Hoekeman, Kee. Imports, entry and foreign law as market disciplines, Centre of Economic policy research, 2004, 25 Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada (a). Canada’s international market access report. 2007. Web. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (b). Opening doors to Europe. 2010. Web. Government of Canada. Canada’s trade negotiations and agreements. 21st may 2010. Web. This term paper on International economic communities and Canadian business was written and submitted by user Jaime L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress The re-election rate for members of Congress is exceptionally high considering how unpopular the institution is in the eyes of the public. If youre looking for steady work, you might consider running for office yourself; job security is especially strong for members of the House of Representatives even though a significant portion of the electorate supports terms limits.   How often do members of Congress actually lose an election? Not very. Almost Certain to Keep Their Jobs Incumbent members of the House seeking re-election are all but assured re-election. The re-election rate among all 435 members of the House has been as high as 98 percent in modern history, and its rarely dipped below  90 percent.   The late Washington Post political columnist David Broder referred to this phenomenon as incumbent lock and blamed gerrymandered congressional districts for eliminating any notion of competition in general elections.   But there are other reasons the re-election rate for members of Congress is so high. With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats, explains the Center for Responsive Politics, a nonpartisan watchdog group in Washington. In addition, there are other built-in protections for congressional incumbents: the ability to regularly mail flattering newsletters to constituents at taxpayer expense under the guise of constituent outreach and to earmark money for pet projects in their districts. Members of Congress who raise money for their colleagues are also rewarded with large amounts of campaign money for their own campaigns, making even more difficult to unseat incumbents. So how difficult is it?  Ã‚   List of Re-Election Rates For House Members By Year Heres a look at the re-election rates for members of the House of Representatives going back to the 1900 congressional election. On only four occasions did more than 20 percent of incumbents seeking re-election actually lose their races. The most recent such election was in 1948, when Democratic presidential nominee Harry S. Truman campaigned against a do-nothing Congress. The wave election resulted in a massive turnover in Congress, one that rewarded Democrats with 75 more seats in the House. Prior to that, the only  election that resulted in a substantial ouster of incumbents was in 1938, amid a recession and soaring unemployment. Republicans picked up 81 seats in Democratic President Franklin Roosevelts  midterm election. Take note that some of the lowest re-election rates occur in the midterm elections. The political party whose president occupies the White House often sustains large losses in the House. In 2010, for example, the re-election rate for members of the House dipped to 85 percent; it was two years after Democrat Barack Obama was elected president. His party lost a whopping 52 seats in the House in 2010.   Re-election Rates for House Members Election Year Percentage of Incumbents Re-elected 2018 91% 2016 97% 2014 95% 2012 90% 2010 85% 2008 94% 2006 94% 2004 98% 2002 96% 2000 98% 1998 98% 1996 94% 1994 90% 1992 88% 1990 96% 1988 98% 1986 98% 1984 95% 1982 91% 1980 91% 1978 94% 1976 96% 1974 88% 1972 94% 1970 95% 1968 97% 1966 88% 1964 87% 1962 92% 1960 93% 1958 90% 1956 95% 1954 93% 1952 91% 1950 91% 1948 79% 1946 82% 1944 88% 1942 83% 1940 89% 1938 79% 1936 88% 1934 84% 1932 69% 1930 86% 1928 90% 1926 93% 1924 89% 1922 79% 1920 82% 1918 85% 1916 88% 1914 80% 1912 82% 1910 79% 1908 88% 1906 87% 1904 87% 1902 87% 1900 88% Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Reelection Rates Over the Years.† OpenSecrets.org, The Center for Responsive Politics. Huckabee, David C. â€Å"Reelection Rates of House Incumbents: 1790-1994.† Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, 1995.

Atomic Absroption Spectroscopy essays

Atomic Absroption Spectroscopy essays Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers An atomic absorption spectrophotometer consists of many complex and integral pieces. These components work together to help determine the concentrations of many different elements in various products to a very precise and accurate value. The instrumentation can vary depending on the use the machine is designed for, and the amount of accuracy that is required. There are four basic components of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. They are as follows: a narrow band source of EMR (electromagnetic radiation), the sample compartment where the sample is atomized, a monochromator which is used to isolate the certain wavelength of EMR you are interested in, and a detector which determines how much of the EMR was absorbed scattered by the sample. The most common source used in atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a hollow cathode lamp (HCL). The HCL has two electrodes, an anode that is negatively charged, and a cathode having positive charge. This charge is a result of a large electrical potential across the electrodes. These electrodes are contained in a sealed glass tube filled with an inert gas such as argon or neon. This inert gas is to prevent the oxidization of the electrodes. The anode is made of tungsten and the cylindrical cathode is made of the element of interest. This results in that a different lamp is required for each element t hat is to be analysis, but it is possible to buy lamps which have cathodes made of multiple materials making it possible to analyze more than one element at a time. The EMR that is created from the lamp is focused on the sample compartment in a fine beam. In the sample compartment the sample is atomized, by either flame atomization or by electro thermal atomization. In the flame atomization the sample is introduced into laminar flow burner where the sample is mixed with the fuel and oxidant and introduced into the flame as a smooth (laminar) flow. The mixture t...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 60

Summary - Essay Example ification among accents and dialects it has become a constant struggle to maintain and learn the most popular accent and disregard the standardized low ones. According to South Carolina’s Tobolski, not all the people like to change their accent but they surely like to adapt to the new modifications. The importance of valuing one’s heritage is the most vital aspect of a confident personality. Inâ€Å" Mute in an English – only world†, Chang Rae –Lee has tried to explain the need to be accepted by a foreigner. He has explained the dilemma of constant struggle; emotionally as well as socially by an immigrant. He described his mother’s struggle and consistency in learning the language. The constant public speaking fear, the public humiliation and failures ruin the confidence of a qualified person even. The unkind and hasty treatment of locals; adds more sourness in the foreigners. It clearly provokes discrimination in a society and negates the ethical approaches one claims to acquire as a developed nation. â€Å"The meanings of a word† by Gloria Naylor, describes the velocity of a word used in a certain context. The connotation of a word changes according to the tone of the speaker. The constant addition of foreigners in a certain community encourages conflicts and diversity in language. However the meaning of a word changes depending upon its usage and the tone in which it is used in. The usage of word nigger, explains the view point of two members belonging from different race. One uses it as slang or a mean of insult and the other uses it for a person of great strength and ability. Same is the case with the word girl, it differed in meaning according to its use. The message which author wanted to convey was, words deliver message to the listener but tone describes meaning and intensity of them. Deborah Tennan in her book â€Å" â€Å"you’re wearing that? Understanding mothers and daughters†; describes the intensity of words and its impact on the